Assignement #4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignement #4 - Assignment Example Hence Type II error would occur if it was concluded that the infants did not detect any difference between the slides, when in fact they did. Study #2 - Some athletes will be given training in a new imaging procedure that they are to use just prior to shooting foul shots; they will be compared with other athletes not given any special training. (4 points) c. Let us consider the case when the null hypothesis is true. That is, the special training did not have any significant effect on the athletes. But if this hypothesis is rejected, this leads to an error called Type I Error which occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected even when it is true. Hence Type I error would occur if it was concluded that the special training had significant effect on the athletes, when in fact it did not. d. Let us consider the case when the null hypothesis is false. That is, the special training had significant effect on the athletes. But if this hypothesis is accepted, this leads to an error called Type II Error which occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted even when it is false. Hence Type II error would occur if it was concluded that the special training did not have any significant effect on the athletes, when in fact they

Problems Faced by a Fictional Organization in which the Solutions are Term Paper

Problems Faced by a Fictional Organization in which the Solutions are Presented by Knowledge of the Core Learning Outcomes - Term Paper Example Efficiency means to achieve the best results using the minimum amount of resources. Effectiveness implies being able to perform a work task good and in a timely manner. Recycling is a practice that increases the efficiency of the company by processing the recycled material and subsequently using it as raw material for production. Recycling is one if the hottest green practices throughout the world because it is safeguarding our natural resources by reducing the consumption in the limited reserves of certain important commodities such as petroleum. A second example of efficiency is after a downsizing strategy being able to produce the same output with a lower amount of workers. A third example of efficiency could be changing the inventory acquisition strategy of the company to a just-in-time mechanism. Another example of efficiency is performing inventory audits to determine the presence of expired or obsolete merchandise would should disposed off and written off the accounting books. A person is effective when they select to purchase at the same store instead of shopping at three or more places because the customer achieves time and gasoline. Effectiveness can be achieved in the workplace by sharing the work tasks in an equal manner without forcing one employee of doing too much. â€Å"The four functions of management are plan, organize, direct, and control† (Rue & Byars, 2011). Planning involves creating objectives, goals, and action plans for the future. In finance the use of pro-forma financial statements is an example of planning because it provides forecasts of financial statements for future period of time. Pro forma financial statements are typically prepared up to three years in the future. Planning can also be used to estimate the resource the company is going to need in the future. When an organization visits college campus to recruit students they are planning for their future human resource needs. Budgets are prepared to determine what purcha ses a company must perform during a fiscal year. The second function of management is organizing. The resources of the company must be well organized in order to optimize its use (Buzzle, 2011). An example of an organization practice dealing with human resources is separating employees in work groups. Managers that are organized a better able to deal with the pressures and stress the profession causes. The third managerial function is directing. Managers direct their employees through motivation. Direction also means overseen the work performed by the workers in the company. Direction works best when the employees are able to provide feedback and can contradict the manager without any repercussion for expressing their opinion. The fourth managerial function is control. Control can be achieved by providing specific guideless and processes to perform at work. Control involves evaluating the employees work and taking corrective actions to fix the problems. Controls mechanism can be use d to safe guard the assets of the company to put cameras at point of sale terminals and in the warehouse where the inventory is located. Leadership and management are two completely different concepts, but they are often interconnected. â€Å"Leadership can define as a special case of interpersonal influence that gets an individual or group to do what the dealer wants

The brand strategies which Toyota May Adopt to improve tarnished brand Essay - 2

The brand strategies which Toyota May Adopt to improve tarnished brand image - Essay Example The domestic markets have turned into global markets that heightened competition rivalry among existing domestic and new multinational enterprises. Since last two decades, the society has been experiencing a rapid technological improvement. The technological advancements have led to change the structure of entire trade and business. The management tasks and operational process are now backed with technology like e-commerce and e-business. A better grip of technological advancement helps a business organisation to gain an upper hand position. Finally, enhancing economic condition of consumers and increasing their disposable income have strengthened their purchasing power. This has also changed their consumer buying behaviours and they have developed their specific brand preferences (Vashisht, 2005, p.68). In the modern and competitive business world, business organisations always try to position itself in market for avoiding unnecessary competitions. In this process they aim to achiev e strong competitive advantages and core competencies that enable them to gain upper hand position in the market. ... her explains that the objective of branding is not just to protect yourself as being better than your competitors, but branding seeks to position your brand so uniquely in the minds of your consumers so that they perceive your product as the only possible solution to your problem or need (Morita, 2010). The objectives of good branding are as follows: Deliver message clearly Confirm credibility Connect target prospects emotionally Motivates buyers Concretes User Loyalty The increasing demands of brand development is due to two primary factors i.e. urge for acquiring higher market share and increasing concern towards consumer value (Verma, 2009). The modern management style and thought process of decision makers have transformed. The modern management concept focuses more on long term benefits by creating a sustainable businesses environment where stakeholders’ wealth and value creation is the first priority. When a company is able to meet these responsibilities towards stakehol ders, society, community and environment, it is able to create a high brand image in the market. Managements in modern organisation culture follow management theories and models which are very effective in achieving common organisational goal. In this respect, they concentrate on two-way communicational system within cross-functional teams and with their consumers. For example, the existing management system deliberately tries to implement integrated marketing communication that focuses on better marketing strategy for enhancing consumer values. These efforts made by the modern managements are very helpful in brand development and hence, they try to draft specific plans for branding strategies (Hitt et al 2009). Recently in 2010, Toyota faced a great deal of tarnishing of its brand image because

Written case study analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Written analysis - Case Study Example there were a lot of mothers who killed their children since their biological father was a Tutsi and there were many more people who killed their relative just because they were of the Tutsi community (Reed, 2014). The deaths of thousand of Tutsi and Hutu community member were a major drawback that occurred during the genocide. The militia killed women and children mercilessly for no reason during the genocide. For Kagame to fully support the reconciliation campaign I would strictly adhere to his beliefs and philosophies in order to gain his support while at the same time sensitizing him to be less ethnic-based and biased. The president, Paul Kagame, is believed to be an economist due to this fact, I would present the economic statistics of a united country compared to the economic statistics of an unstable country like the present day Sudan to portray the need for reconciliation and the economic benefits it would have on his country. The pitch would contain a detailed and well laid out presentation of the statistics and the economical possibilities that would, in no doubt, be guaranteed if he accepted to fund the campaigns. The use of visual charts and diagrams would be of great importance in laying out the data and statistics for easier understanding of the economic comparisons between a stable and unstable country. I would empathize on the effects the genocide caused on the people, by clearly demonstrating the effects the genocide had to all the communities in Rwanda including his own ethnic community will have triggered his soft and caring self thereby persuading him to fund the reconciliation campaigns. As an antagonistic journalist and a reconciler, I would greatly emphasize on the need of peace talk that would facilitate the reconciliation process. I would greatly emphasize on the president, Paul Kagame, the need of a peaceful country and the productivity it brings to the economy to have a united people to govern. I would emphasize on the need of a

Viewing the Globe in 2006 and 2056 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Viewing the Globe in 2006 and 2056 - Essay Example Entertainment-wise, everything is done locally. There are scheduled local dances and events at particularly planned days. The greatest worry one possesses is the thought of growing too old and not being able to provide for my family. They all look upon me for assistance. Concepts of Globalization Globalization is defined as the process through which regional economies, societies and culture have become incorporated through a global network politically through communication. This is basically the transnational circulation of ideas and language. Globalised culture is basically the integration pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior associated with globalization. Such a town is known as a globalised village (Marques, 2005). Differentiating between Americanization and Globalization, Americanization is the process through which different cultures around the world learn the American cultures and hence try to act like them introducing imperialism. Globalization does not introduce th e idea of imperialism but actually brings together different cultures through one network. Some of the selected cultural norms include fine arts and humanities. Different people tried to perfect their culture by practicing fine art. Developing the art means developing a philosophical soul and is considered as one of the highest possible ideal concepts of human development.

Arguments for and Against Genetically Modified Food Essay Example for Free

Arguments for and Against Genetically Modified Food Essay Biotechnology involves any technique that uses living organisms or parts there of to make or modify products, to improve plants or animals or to develop micro organisms for specific uses (Dr Sriwatanapongse, www. afic. org) In the past century weve have been lucky enough to stumble upon one of the basic building blocks of organisms, DNA. In recent years scientists have been able to develop ways in which they can manipulate, alter, and transfer DNA in forms that can help improve our lives. One way in which DNA research has been used to improve our lifestyle, is by engineering the deoxyribonucleic acid into ways which can alter food supplies to make them bigger, taste better, resistant to pests and even make them have a greater concentration of nutrients. Of course this is great news to the human population, in terms of economic and life-saving values for third world countries, yet there are still disadvantages. With all the good news that comes from these altered crops, concerns are still among people. These concerns include; whether or not these alterations will affect humans in a negative way, or how they will impact the environment. Genetically engineering crops might play a significant role in increasing crop yield therefore allowing the world to feed more people while using less land. A recent study on bioengineered crops concluded that these crops are safe and can improve production dramatically. To date, total acres of biotech crops harvested exceed more than 1 billion with a proven 10-year history of safe use. Over the next decade, expanded adoption combined with current research on 57 crops in 63 countries will broaden the advantages of genetically modified foods for growers, consumers and the environment. (www. monsanto. com) Those opposing the genetically altered crops state that One major detriment to genetically engineered food is that there has been no adequate testing to ensure that extracting genes from useful functions will yield the same results in different applications and species (www. govhs. org). Predictions of future are that, consumers are able to get foods that last longer, taste better and are more nutritious than the current foods. There will also an even greater variety of foods all year round. These products will be made possible through genetic engineering, and some of them are already available. For centuries, farmers grew plants to produce special foods with unique characteristics: better taste, higher yield or greater resistance to drought or frosts. History shows, that five thousand years ago in Peru, potatoes were grown selectively. Plants, which produced potatoes with attractive characteristics, such as higher yields, were used to produce future plants. More than two thousand years ago, tree grafting was used by the Greeks to Gain a more fruit in orchards. Now, we have genetically engineered food that has been discovered and now offers a faster and more reliable method of establishing new traits in plants to provide foods that are better tasting, more nutritious or more in amount. Although all of this may seem futuristic, such crops do already exist. Not only have these crops been in laboratories for decades, but they have been in the market for years. Humans have only just begun to realize the benefits of these genetically altered foods. Genetically altered foods allow a wide selection of things to improve upon. Some altered abilities already exists in our fruits and vegetables, these include: pest, disease and herbicide. By using genetic engineering, plants that resist disease, pests or insects can be developed. This means that less chemicals, such as pesticides, are required. In the near future scientists hopefully will be able to improve the drought resistance of most crop species and could have major implications for crops grown in dry areas (www.abc. net. au/news). Weather resistance Plants could and can be developed to better withstand extreme weather conditions such as drought or frosts. Genetically engineering foods make crops easier to maintain and lower the cost in maintenance. One benefit of altered foods which is often overlooked is the Improved processing characteristics of these foods, leading to reduced waste and lower food costs to the consumer. Foods are being developed to contain more vitamins, minerals, protein and less saturated fat. For example, fruits and vegetables with higher levels of antioxidant vitamins may reduce cardiovascular disease risk and help reduce the risk of certain cancers (www. americanheart. org). The world population is expected to double to more than 10 billion people by the year 2050. Food biotechnology can help meet the increasing demand for food. By increasing a crops ability to withstand environmental factors, growers will be able to farm in parts of the world currently unsuitable for crop production. Along with additional food, this could also provide economies of developing nations with much-needed jobs and greater productivity. Genetically engineered foods seem to have solved all the problems farmers and growers have had for years. Unfortunately all the positive effects of altered foods seem to mask the reality behind these perfect crops. Some of the disadvantages of altered crops include the possibility of mutations. Plant breeders have induced mutations in selected plants by treating them with chemicals or radiation; however this is costly and unpredictable (Microorganisms, biotechnology and Disease). Genetic engineering changes the nature of the food eaten. It can cause unexpected mutations in an organism, which can create new and higher levels of toxins in foods. Genetic engineering can produce unknown allergens in foods. Some foods may be implanted with the ability to produce antibiotics. This may help the plant, but if these plants that are infected with bacteria emerge new strands of bacteria that may become resistant to the most advanced antibiotics, there will be a problem. With herbicide-resistant crops, weeds may evolve to also become herbicide resistant. The spread of diseases across specific species may also become a factor because of a loss of ? bio-diversity in crops. When crops are altered for specific abilities, they are then mass produced. They are the only type of species grown in field of thousands. Because of this, the species will only be able to pass on to all generations the same DNA. Once started, they may not be easily controlled or contained. It makes the crops hard to calculate. Unfortunately the biggest problem raised from new modified foods is the fact that the public is unaware of how it works and the results behind the genetically modified food. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic code in living organisms. About twenty five years ago, scientists began to understand how DNA worked. From this ways for speeding up breeding processes were understood to a degree. Agricultural scientists today can identify the genes that carry specific traits they want, such as ? disease resistance or ? nutrient content and transfer those genes to a plant, therefore creating a transgenic organism. Genetic engineering is the process of artificially modifying these ? blueprints. By cutting and splicing DNA, engineers can transfer genes specific to one type of organism into any other organism. Some organisms have been enhanced through biotechnology such as; tomatoes, that go ? soft more slowly and so remain on the vine for longer. This gives them more colour and flavour. Also, virus resistant papyrus and squash, that make the crop more dependable. Genetically modified food seems to have already changed the world today. Many countries are already considering making more of their crops with genetically engineered properties. Scientists have gained a vast knowledge of genetic engineering and are now able to make many possibilities. Genetically engineered food has brought a lot of commercial benefits; increased crops quality, harvesting quantity, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, nutrient supplementation and more. Not only have the crops improved, but more crops are produced in less space. Although the benefits of bioengineering seem fantastic, there are still many mysteries left to understand in such a vast field of understanding. Genetic engineering might cause serious consequences to our future life as well next generations to come. Deeper insight into genetic engineering may be all that is needed for us to gain truly unlimited advantage from such a vast scientific field.

The Great Fire of London Impact

The Great Fire of London Impact The London fire started September 2, 1666 approximately at 1:00 am and ended four days later. London fire and the plague destroyed most of the city and its citizens. This historical fire did not only hurt the cultural but literature. The literature was burned to ashes as also the city. The positive aspect is the authors of this time could use this tragic experience in their writings. This helped shape the way authors write and express themselves. After all the harm it caused, it brought out the emotion, history, and creativity in the authors of that time period. In 1666, most of the houses in London were made out of wood, which is dangerously flammable. Many of the citizens owned barns and had animals. Therefore there was hay and animal feed thought out the city. These factors contribute to the 1666 fire. The Great Fire of London began on the night of September 2, 1666. It started as a small fire on Pudding lane in Thomas Farynors baker. The fire began to spread very rapidly due to the surrounding materials in the city. There were hay and feed piles from barns, which helped spread the fires flames from houses to houses since they are good conductors. The citizen living there tried to stop the fire by throwing buckets of water on it from the river. This did not help stop the rapidly spreading fire. A method called Fire- breaks was usually used during a fire by destroying the houses on the path of the fame (Jokinen). By eight o, clock in the morning the next day the fire had spread halfway across the London Bridge. There was one obstacle stopp ing the fire from spreading to Southwark. The other side of the river was a gap that was caused by the fire of 1633. The fire continued to glow for another three days, when suddenly it halted near temple church but came back to life towards Westminster. King James ordered the fire break, which the fire finally died down. The aftermath of the fire would be a huge issue. Thousands of citizens were homeless and financially ruined, 430 acres was destroyed, 13,000 houses, 889 churches, and 52 Guild Halls. The one positive effect of the fire was that the plague was reduced greatly. The rats that carried the disease were killed. Charles II did make an effort to make sure it wouldnt happen again. He was appointed six commissioners to redesign the city. The pan provided wider streets and building made up of bricks by 1671, 900 houses and public building were completed. The King had Christopher Wren design a monument to the great fire, which still stands on a street named Monument Street (Jo kinen) The Great Plague of London in 1665 was an epidemic that hit London hard in June of 1665. It was a long series that killed between 75,000 and 100,000 of Londons population of about 460,000 (The Great plague of London, 1665). The contribution for this epidemic that swept through London is the rat infested alleys to the crowed homes. The rats were carrying this disease, the rats from trading ships would carry them. When a ship came into the city the rats would be let loose and spread the disease. This was a huge continuous cycle because the rats kept getting transported from place to place. The first sign of the plague was swelling around the groin or the armpit, and then it started to spread all over the body. The next step was black or red spots developed like a rash. The rash caused pain all over the body and the victim began to feel tired. The temperature of the body increased and this affected the brain and the nerves, Speech was affected, stumbling movements as if drunk and finall y the victim became delirious. The average time of death from the first symptom was between four to seven days. It is thought that between 50% and 75% of those who caught the disease died (Symptoms of the Plague). The citizens started to flee from the plague. The richer residents fled to the countryside, which left the poor behind in the rat infested city. There were many miss conception about how this disease came and why it was still here. One of the answers to solve the problem was killing off the animals that were no use of food. Thousands of dogs and cats were killed to eliminate a feared source of contagion. Also mounds of rotting garbage were burned. The Plague Orders, first issued by the Privy Council in 1578, were still effective in 1665. These edicts prohibited churches from keeping dead bodies on their premises during public assemblies or services, and carriers of the dead had to identify themselves and could not mix with the public. (The Great plague of London, 1665). Not only was the city burned to ashes and the disease stopped there was one other physical object lost: literature. One of the objects destroyed during the London Fire was the literature before 1666. John Dryden commemorated the fire in his poem Annus Mirabilis in 1667. In his poem Annus Mirabilis salutes London upon her survival of the plague and the Great Fire in 1666 (john Dryden). Throughout his poem he interprets the Great fire as patriotic because it gave London the chance to recreate or redesign the city. . More great than human, now, and more August, New deified she from her fires does rise. Her widening streets on new foundations trust, and, opening into larger parts she flies (Dryden and Johnson 203) He also talks about how the characteristics of the fire will help change England as a whole. Also England will dominate, By an high fate thou greatly didst expire; Great as the worlds, which at the death of time Must fall, and rise a nobler frame by fire.( Dryden and Johnson 37 ). When he says Rise a nobler frame by fire shows how he thinks the fire was a noble thing such as a miracle and not a disaster. He later goes on to talk about Charles II and his capability to restore the city. The fact that Charles II did the clean up so quickly makes Dryden to believe the fire wasnt a curse. When the citizens read his book, different ideas came to them on what really was the London Fire. Was it a cure or was it a miracle as John Dryden stated? He persuaded some of the population into believing the horrific fire that burned the city to ashes was a worthy for the city overall. Samuel Pepys conveyed images of the people wandering the streets. He showed the desperate people stuck inside this never ending cycle of the plague, just looking for some sort of relief. His notes showed the severity of the situation in London. In July, he lamented the sad news of the death of so many in the parish of the plague, forty last night, the bell always going . . . either for deaths or burials. A month later, when Londons mortality rate rose sharply, Pepys noted that survivors are fain to carry the dead to be buried by daylight, the nights not sufficing to do it in.(The Great Plague of London, 1665). Another author at this time was William Boghurst. He was a nurse who studied and described the symptoms of the plague. He wrote Loimographia in 1665 as an eyewitness account. The one thing he wrote is how the standard treatment of the infected households or victims. He criticized how they quarantined and fumigated the houses of the infected. oft [been] enough tried and always found ineffectual.(Atkinson and Majury 297). The Great Plague appears in fictional works, such as William Harrison Ainsworths Old Saint Pauls (1847) and Daniel Defoes A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), in which he describes London as quite abandoned to despair.( The Great Plague of London, 1665) The London fire had different effects in categories. It was not only a political and economic issue but culturally too. There were new roads built along with the material used to build houses and other buildings. The plague killed the very long epidemic cause by the rat infested city. The books were destroyed in the fire along with everything else. The authors of the time used this experience to help their writings. For instance in Daniel Defoes a journal of the plague year ( 1722), William Harrison Ainsworths Old saint Pauls (1847) William Boghurst Loimographia (1665) and John Dryden and his poem Annus Mirabilis (1667) The Bibliography Atkinson, Logan and Majury, Diana. Law, Mystery, and the Humanities: Collected Essays. Print Bartel, Roland. London in Plague and Fire, 1665-1666; Selected Source Materials for Freshman Research Papers. Boston: Heath, 1957. Print Great Fire of London. New World Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. . The Great Plague of London, 1665. Open Collections Program: Contagion,. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. . John Dryden, MacFlecnoe, Annus Mirabilus, Criticism. John Dryden, MacFlecnoe, Annus Mirabilus, Criticism. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. Jokinen, Anniina. The Great Fire of London, 1666. The Great Fire of London, 1666. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. . McDayter, Mark. The Great Fire of 1666. The Great Fire of 1666. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. . Rasmussen, Steen Eiler. London: The Unique City. Harmondsworth, Mddx: Penguin. 1960. Print Symptoms of the Plague. Symptoms of the Plague. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. .